- Claim a no deposit bonus to play free slots like Freedom Fortune from DuckyLuck Casino.
- Nynashamn casino no account free slots like Viking Glory and my personal favorite, Big Bass Bonanza.
- Viking-themed Nynashamn casino no account free slots are fun, but there are many more great themes too!
Free slots are available at just about every . But they’re even more abundant among since these casinos offer them with no deposit bonuses or other offers.
I’ll be going over some of the best free online slots 2023 has to offer. I will also discuss the best places to find them. So, let’s get into it!
What Are Free Slot Games? — The Best Free Slots You Can Play Online
There are two kinds of free web slot games that players can take advantage of. The first consists of demos of real money slots. Almost every real money site allows you to play slots for free by simply loading up the game and eliminating the spin button.
The second way to play free casino slots is by playing them for real money and taking advantage of casino bonuses.
You might be asking, “Why would anyone want to play slots for free?” The answer is simple – it’s fun. However, another good reason involves using free slots to find three-reel slots or five-reel slots you enjoy before risking your own money.
Another good example is Eldorado Gold. I found this one while looking for free Las Vegas slot machines near me, and I was hooked after playing it on my phone a few times—so much so that I now consider it one of my favorite high volatility slots.
Naturally, the first order of business is finding free slots to play on the Internet. There’s no shortage of sites offering free penny slots or other titles, so I’ve narrowed things down to what I feel are the top choices currently available.
Las Atlantis Casino – Top Place to Play Free Slots Online
One of the most popular destinations for free online casino slot machines is . They feature slots from , one of the world’s best developers of mobile-compatible slots.
Besides their wide selection of free slots, new players can take advantage of a 280% welcome bonus and cashback on your first deposit.
This welcome deal can be used to play hot drops and weekly jackpots such as Chillin Penguins, which has a jackpot feature king to its free spins bonus round.
spin casino gamesIs this the best place to play free online slots? It’s definitely in the conversation, especially considering that all the slots that allow real money bets from the US also allow free spins.
DuckyLuck Casino – Best No Deposit Bonus for Free Slots
DuckyLuck Casino features slots from a variety of providers, including Rival, Saucify, Arrow’s Edge, and +more.
They offer a $75 no deposit bonus as well as a 500% welcome bonus (plus 150 free spins) that can be claimed across your first ten deposits.
With dozens of free slots to choose from, it isn’t easy choosing just one to write about. Freedom Fortune is a prime example of the great selection on tap at this site.
This unique 5-reel, 243-payline slot has a scatter symbol that doubles wins and a free spins bonus round triggered by a special bonus symbol that awards up to 10 free games. During free spins, all wins are multiplied by five.
Another excellent choice is Golden Dragon Inferno, a Chinese-themed slot with a random progressive jackpot that can trigger at the end of any regular game.
DuckyLuck Casino may very well be the top place to play free penny slots online, particularly if you’re looking for a solid no deposit bonus to get started.
TrustDice Casino – Great for Bitcoin Free Slots
TrustDice is one of the top sites for free crypto slots, featuring several top developers, including BetSoft and Play’N Go.
New players who sign up through our link can take advantage of a 100% up to €100,000 (or 3 BTC) welcome bonus.
While this is technically not a no deposit bonus, it’s so large that it basically functions as one.
You can use this bonus to play several hot drops slots, including Prissy Princess from SoftSwiss, which features royal symbols like tiaras, gloves, and scepters.
There are plenty of free slot games for Android and iOS devices here, but one of my favorites is Greedy Goblins, a fantasy slot where three or more goblins on the screen increase the level of the Jackpot Bonus and eventually award free spins.
When the feature is triggered, all wins are paid, and the jackpot keeps increasing until the game ends.
If you’re looking to play free online slots with bonus rounds using your smartphone or tablet, there are few better options than TrustDice Casino.
BitStarz Casino – Top Site for Provably Fair Free Slots
BitStarz is home to hundreds of web slot game demo versions as well as numerous exclusive slots you won’t find elsewhere.
This CRYPTO-friendly casino features several provably fair free slots you can play without risking your own money. One such slot is Hashtags, an exclusive slot with 10 paylines that pays both ways.
All the symbols in this slot are emojis associated with cryptocurrency and social media. For instance, the “moon” symbol represents the green moon cryptocurrency logo, while the “rocket” is a stylized version of the word “rocket” with fireworks coming out of the top.
BitStarz offers a 100% deposit bonus (up to €100 and 180 free spins) and a 50% welcome back bonus (up to €100 and 100 free spins).
They also offer a no deposit bonus of 20 free spins with no deposit required, making this one of the top sites to play free online slots for fun.
Additionally, their loyalty program rewards frequent players with free spins, cashback, and other perks. Plus, their promo section includes several prize draws and lotteries that enable you to win money and other prizes without doing anything more than playing your favorite slots.
Are you searching for “free slots to play online no download needed?” Look no further, as Bitstarz fits the bill perfectly.
Red Flag Signs of an Unreliable Online Casino (AvantgardeCasino)Lupin Casino – Top Free Slots for High Rollers
are a rare breed, and finding one that offers free games like Cleopatra’s Prizes is downright difficult. Therefore, I consider Lupin Casino to be one of the best sites for free online slots for real joy.
Incidentally, high rollers are also hard to satisfy, so it’s doubly impressive that I consider Lupin Casino one of the best sites for high limit slots online and a solid choice for those looking to play free online slots with bonus rounds.
Anyway, back to Cleopatra’s Prizes, a slot inspired by everyone’s favorite Egyptian queen. This five-reel, 20-pay line slot has several special features, including a scatter symbol that multiplies total bet and a free spins bonus triggered by three or more special symbols.
Once the free spins start, all prizes are tripled, and additional free spins can be enabled. Other features of this slot include automatic play and a gamble option that enables you to guess the color or suit of the card for a chance to double or even quadruple your prize.
Lupin Casino is easily one of the top sites to play free online slots for PC and Mac users. They offer a generous 200% welcome bonus (with no max cashout), along with various daily and weekly promotions that provide more opportunities to earn extra money to gamble with.
SlotsandCasino – Great for Free Classic Slots
Classic slots are ideal for players who prefer to play free online slots with bonus rounds. These three-reel slots often have a single pay line, which makes them easier to play than more complex five-reel slots.
SlotsandCasino is one of the best sites that offer free classic slots. One of the best three reel slot games for real joy that you can play for free on their site is Super Nudge 6000, a classic fruit machine from NetEnt.
Like other fruit machines, Super Nudge 6000 has three reels, three rows, and only one pay line. However, it also has a nudge feature that allows you to nudge the reels to align symbols for a winning combination.
Of course, you don’t have to look for “free slots to play online now” Classic Symphony, which has a few bells and whistles missing from the typical fruit machine.
For instance, this slot has seven symbols (cherries, lemons, oranges, watermelons, grapes, bells, and stars). Five stars on the pay line win the jackpot, which is doubled if you are playing two coins and tripled if you are playing three coins.
Besides offering free classic slots, SlotsandCasino provides several opportunities for new players to claim a 300% welcome bonus (up to £300) and various daily bonuses and deals.
Nynashamn Casino – Best Free Slots App
The best free slots app I could find is NYNAshamn, a crypto casino that uses Bolagem virtual gaming system.
Best Miami Casinos in the Beachside MetropolisUnlike other sites, which require you to create an account to access their free slot machines, all the games on this site can be played for free without an account or registration of any kind. Here are some of my favorite free Vegas slot machines on their site.
Viking Glory
Viking Glory is a five-reel, 243-pay line video slot with a variety of special characters, including a Shield Maiden Scatter Symbol, a Valkyrie Wild Symbol, and Warrior Respins.
This is one of the best free online casino slots for fans of Viking-themed slots because it has a top prize of 5x your wager plus a jackpot bonus game where you match shields to win prizes.
Sweet Bonanza
Sweet Bonanza is a six-reel jam-packed video slot with tumbling rocks, a Tiki Loco feature, and several different multipliers, including a tempting 21x multiplier during the free spins bonus.
This is the quintessential free Las Vegas slot machines download option if you like sweet-themed slots with lots of action.
Big Bass Bonanza
Big Bass Bonanza is a five-reel, 10 payline fishing-themed slot with a catch-and-release feature that awards free spins. All wins in this slot are multiples of your total bet, and free spins are won by getting three or more fisherman symbols simultaneously.
Other symbols in this slot include fish, a lake scene, fishing boat, fishing rod, boxes of fish, a bass, and three types of colored fish.
If you’re looking for “free slots to play online now,” the selection on this site is plentiful, and you don’t even need to create an account to access them. This is by far the best free slots app I’ve found, especially for fans of new slot machines.
How to Play Free Web Slot Games
As you can see, there are plenty of free slots casino options. Knowing how to play free slot machines for real joy online is important, however.
That’s why I’ve outlined the steps below on how to play free slots with bonus rounds.
- Step 1: Use one of our review links to visit a trusted casino site offering free slots. (5 minutes)
- Step 2: Browse the selection of free slot games and make note of any that seem interesting. (05–30 mins)
- Step 3: Click the “Info” tab to learn more about the rules, paytable, and special features of your chosen game. (05–15 mins)
- Step 4: Choose a betting value of $0 (essentially). Set the number of debits to the maximum (usually 20 or 25). Essentially, you’re simulating 20/25 line plays, worth $0 each. (1 minute)
- Step 5: Click the spin button to play your first free game. (less than 1 minute)
Again, the best way to find free Las Vegas slot machines near me is via the Internet. While some casinos in Nevada and New Jersey offer free slot play, they are few and far between.
Even if you do find a machine, it probably won’t be one of the latest releases. That’s why I recommend using one of our reviewed sites for their free penny slots.
Types of Free Slots
So, you know how to play free slots online, but did you know there are several varieties to choose from?
Awareness is the first step, so let’s look at the different types of free slots you can play online.
Demo Versions of Real Money Slots
Almost every real money site allows you to play their games for free by loading the game and removing the spin button. This way, you can play your favorite free casino slots for hours.
Obviously, you can’t win real money when you do this, but you can learn how the game works, experiment with different strategies, and activate all the game’s features.
Demo versions of real money slots are excellent choices for players who want to find the hottest drops and then try to win the jackpot when they play with real money.
Free Slots with Bonuses
Most welcome bonuses at online casinos can be used to play free slots with bonus rounds from a variety of developers.
You can play your free slots to win real cash whenever you exhaust your initial deposit or fulfill the wagering requirements. Some sites even offer free sign up bonuses with no deposit required.
Hyper NOUVEAU richesse !
- 0 Bonus
* Sans déposition nécessaire
Commencez à jouer
Au moins 18 years. Douez-vous vérifier les prérequis legaux en vous connectant?
Guide to Delaware Online PokerMon profil
Classement des meilleurs cours d’eau hommes rapidement !
Hyper pauvre ...
0 Bonus
* Sans dépositation nécessaire
Par venir
Rien ne fondra sous ton regard
Au moins 18 ans. Veuillez vérifier vos informations de compte.
Mon Profil
Jeu de 30 courtes paumes en plein cœur Paris
Maximum 2 tickets
Au moins 18 years. Veuillez vérifier vos informations de compte.
Mon Profil
Nulle part là
Au moins 18 ans. Veuillez vérifier vos informations de compte.
Mon Profil
9 .80
- 500 € de Bonus
_Au moins 18 years. Le véritable bénéficiaire d’un bonus doit avoir été le portefeuille de paiement utilisé pour le dernier dépôt (approuvé howeverles réversals). Ou download la application depuis ce lien ou cliquez ici pour accéder à notre liste de tous nos partenaires.
Mon Profil
800 USD
- 1000 USD d'experience gratuite
_Au moins 21 years. First deposit only. 5x wagering & min. deposit $10.
Mon Profil
100% jusqu’à 1200€
Au moins 18 years. Première déposition valide seulement. 40x wagering & min. deposit £10.
Mon Profile
100% jusqu’à 1000€
Au moins 18 years. Seulement le premier dépôt est éligible pour le bonus de bienvenue. La somme déposée en excès par rapport au montant du bonus sera considérée comme ancienne argent et les parcents seront calculés sur l’ensemble des pariers placés, y compris ceux faisant appel au bonus ou à l’argent anciennement déposé.
Mon Profile
100% until €100 / £100 / C$100 / NZ$150
Au moins 18 years. Premier dépôts sont éligibles seulement. Parcent de rattracement d’origine 35x dépositions réelles. Gratuites dans deux comptes tojours annulées.
Mon Profile
100% up to $400
Au moins 19 years. Aussi bien les dépôts réalisés avec Skrill ou Neteller ne sont pas éligibles pour le bonus. Les conditions d’allocation s’appliquent : 35x of deposit and bonus amount (game contributions vary), short date restrictions, method & wagering type restrictions, timetable from departure date and payment method restrictions. Eric Manfell dans tous les cas.
Casinos in Colorado Owned by Caesars EntertainmentMon Profile
100% up to £300
Au moins 18 years. Seuls les nouveaux joueurs sont éligibles. 35x wagering applies if using bonus code. Different games contribute different amounts.
Mon Profile
$88 freeplay
Au moins 21 years. Restrictions et limitations d’argent applicables après le remboursement des nouveaux déposants. Voir terms et conditions appliqués pour obtenir plus de détails.
Mon Profile
100% up to €100
Au moins 18 years. Seuls les nouveaux joueurs sont éligibles. Minimum loss chop dopo 24h. Si la perte n’a pas été bouclée, cela signifie que le joueur a gagné.$5 Satellite tourney entry tokens expire after 24 hours. Maximum 100 entries, $0.50 each, non-transferable. Prize pool and payments are in USD and exclude taxes or charges on players’ accounts. Play on region-specific servers. No alternative prize is available.
Mon Profile
$100 Bovada Bonus
Au moins 18 years. Please read bonus policy before claiming a bonus. All bonuses are reported to the internal revenue service (IRS). Funds used to claim bonuses apply to the bonus and must be played before a withdrawal can be made. Release of earnings is subject to around 35 times.
Mon Profile
100% Match Bonus up to £50
Au moins 18 years. Novice uniquement, une seule fois par maison, chez nous ou aux apgos. 30x wagering, quelques limitations de jeu et personnalisables - prendre contact pour les détails.
Mon Profile
$750 bonuses
_Au moins 21 years. First deposit only for all bonuses. Min dep £10. Max overall bonus £750. Min odds evens. 30 days to wager. Relette does not contibuteto bonus. 100 Free Spins requires 35x turnover.
Mon Profile
100% up to PLN 12 200 zł
Mają pełną zdolność do rozumienia.
Mon Profile
100% up to $500
Au moins 21 years. Available to first time depositors only. Min deposit: $10. Max offer: $500. Promotional code: 10FREE. To withdraw, four x deposit and bonus must be wagered in our sportsbook. Unused offers expire seven days after acceptance. Wagers must be on selection(s) with 1.8 or higher odds. Wager must be placed and settled within 30 days of uploading any documentation. No more than three offers can be used per house, house reserves the right to alter or withdraw the offer at any time.
Mon Profile
100% Up to ₹25000
Must be 18 years or older. New Chelsea customers only. One-off £10 free bet (ft. £10 free bet + £5 bonus). Tokens expire in 90 days. To claim, open a new betting account & accept the terms and conditions for new customers. Your free bet & bonus token will be waiting for you once logged into your new account.
Guide: Is Gambling Legal in Kentucky?Mon Profile
100% up to £30
_Au moins 18 years. First deposit only. Min. £10 deposit. 30 day expiry. All losses are recoverable upon settlement/closure of final race. 35x wagering of deposit + bonus. Only bonuses qualifying meetings included. Commentary races excluded. Max. fractional odds of single bet are £50, £100 e/w.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to £100
_Au moins 18 years. First deposit only. 5x wagering & min. deposit £10.
Mon Profile
100% upto £100 + 100 Free Spins
_Au menos 18 years. First day only. Offer valid 12.01 – 23.59 UK time. 18+. UK customers (Excluding Northern Ireland). Min. deposit: £10. Max. Bets: £5. Awarded as bonus bets. Payment restriction applies. T&Cs apply. 35x wagering applies to bonus bets. Bonus expires in 30 days. Selection restrictions applied.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to AU$750 + 100 Sport Free Bets
Palmerston North, NT, SA, WA, Victoria, or any country which prohibits the inclusion of odds, bet boosts, the number of games, or the cash/non-cash feature of free bets.
Mon Profile
100% up to Rs 2500
Eligible countries: India. Eligible participants: New users. Promo period: 04.07.2023 - 31.12.2023. Promo condition: Make minimum deposit of ₹ 500. Bonus breakdown: 100% of deposit. Bonus wagering: 6X Deposit and Bonus amount. Min odds: Single: 1.80, Multi: 1.65. Max free bet: ₹ 2500. Expiry date: 30 days.
Mon Profile
100% up to ₹8,000
_18+. Valid for new users from India only. Good only for NFL events. Min. deposit: $7 (100). Joint account holders can only participate once with the first account credited with the bonus amount. Refusal of certain payment methods. The bonus amount must be wagered 12 times in pre-match events and 14 times in live matches. The bonus must be wagered within 60 days of receiving it. If the bonus is not wagered according to the terms, the bonus and the winnings will be forfeited.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to £50
_18+ begambleaware.org. New account holders only. Max. one 100% Sportsbook Bonus up to £50 (the “Bonus"). Unused bonuses expire after 7 days. Min. odds exempted from the Bonus: 1.40 (2/5). Bonus does not apply to rollover bets. The Bonus cannot be used on Tote markets.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to ₹10,000
BET-WEIGHING REQUIREMENTS VARY BY PROMOTION. Compètez quand vous voulez. Sélectionnez n'importe quel événement du livret. Restrictions d’argent appliquées pendant tout le temps. Retour d’arguments appliqués si vous annulez. N’oubliez pas votre numéro d’ordre. Voir terms et conditions appliqués pour obtenir plus de détails.
Mon Profile
100% up to US$125
_Au moins 21 years. Uniquement pour les nouveaux clients. Seulement 1 par foyer IP, famille, téléphone, adresse e-mail, carte de crédit (ou autre méthode de paiement) et URL de référence. Minimum deposit: $10. Maximum deposit: $100. Your deposit balance is available for withdrawal at any time. To withdraw, your combined deposit and bonus balance must be wagered 1x in their entirety. Bonus expires in 30 days if the wagering is not completed.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to £50
_18+. New members only. £10 min deposit & award & 30x wagering on quantify before expiry.
_}
Mon Profile
100% up to US$200 + 100 Free Spins
_Au moins 21 years. Voucher is lifestyle platforms related to BetVictor and available from 14:00 BST on 29/08/2019 until further notice. Voucher is valid for new customers only. Hide over 18’s only. Users must be located in the United Kingdom. Voucher can be used on any sportsbook market with odds greater than or equal to 1.6. The voucher will be credited upon completion of the FIRST deposit. No E Wallet’s accepted. Deposit and Bonus a qualifying deposit of £10 and wager 3 times qualifying payment and Bonus before Bonus is converted to real balance.
_}
Mon Profile
100% utlizujący buffer
Rejestrację uzyskać można tylko razy na jednym urządzeniu oraz dla jednego konta naszenych na naszym portalu. Możliwe jest wyłączenie bonusa dla określonych krajów.
Mon Profile
100% utlizujący buffer
Płyta zakładów nie może przekraczać wartości 100%. Bonus przyznawany za każdy kolejny 100 EUR/PLN 400 zakładowych strat od momentu złożenia pierwszego zamkniętego przed terminem meczu.
Mon Profile
Casino100% utlizujący buffer
Czas ważności bonusa to 90 dni od data rejestracji. Bonus zakładowych strat wynosi 100% wstępujących graczy i wynosi maksymalnie 122 EUR/100 USD/CAD/400 PLN/7000 INR/45000 KES/31500NGN/10500TZS/3 Ruthless Poker Strategy Moves + How to Pull Them Online. Platnie stemping nie może przekroczać wartości 100%. Kalkulacja kwoty stempingowych opiera się na korekcji komisji dla danego gry. Bonus stemppingowy przypada po zakończeniu meczu. Możliwość wycofania się z umowy z bonusem stemopingowym po zakończeniu meczu.
Mon Profile
100% utlizujący buffer
Oferta obowiązkuje pierwsze cztery zakłady każdego nowego klienta. Stawki muszą mieć koeficyent nieveczsatszy od 1.50. Bonus przyznawany jest zasady procentowej (100%). Jeżeli zostanie złożone mniej niż cztery kwalifikowanych stake’ów, klient otrzyma bonus stanowiący sumę pozostałych niezłożonych stakes’ów.
Mon Profile
100% utlizujący buffer
Los stemping przechodzący spełniające warunki mają możliwość wycofania się z umowy dotyczącej tej funkcji w ciągu 3 działnych godzin od momentu zakończenia meczu.
Mon Profile
100% utlizujący buffer
W przypadku bezskutecznego stawiania w pięciu spotkaniach bonus ulega anulowaniu.
Free Slots with No Deposit
Some casinos offer free slots with no deposit or play money. As the name implies, you can play these games without depositing any money.
These freebies are offered to new players to help them become familiar with the casino software and banking transactions. Of course, you won’t win any real money while playing free slots with no deposit, but it’s still a nice opportunity to have some fun.
The best real money gambling sites routinely offer free slots with no deposit, but the offers change regularly. Thus, I recommend that you check out the latest promos for yourself. If you don’t have any offers in mind, the following sites are known to give out free slots with no deposit:
As you can see, there are many different types of free slots that you can play online. The best part is that you don’t have to spend any money to enjoy them. Furthermore, these games can teach you how to win at slot machines without breaking the bank. And if you like, you can always upgrade to free slots with bonus that allow you to win real cash.
How to Play Free Casino Slots
Now that you know what free slots are let’s talk about how to play them. Doing so is incredibly easy because there aren’t many rules when it comes to playing online slot machines. Nevertheless, it’s a good idea to get acquainted with the following steps so you know what to expect:
1. Find a Free Slot Game
You can start your adventure by finding the best free slots on the internet. Just search for them via Google or ask your friends if they know where to find free slot games online. Another excellent way to locate these games is to visit an online casino and look for their free slots section.
2. Read the Game’s Paytable
All online slot machines come with a paytable that tells you how to win. Therefore, I always advise readers to study this document so they know how to win. You can bring up most slots’ paytables by clicking on the small lines icon situated to the left of the screen.
4. Choose Your Bet
At this point, you should figure out how much you want to wager on each spin. Most free slots will feature bets ranging from as little as $0.01 to $100 or more per spin. If you were playing for real money, this would be the time to select your wager.
what state has the most casinos5. Hit the Spin Button
Assuming you were using actual money to play, the next step would be to spin the reels. However, since you’re playing a demo slot for free, you can skip this step and move straight to step six.
6. Evaluate Your Outcome
After hitting the spin button, the software will pretend as though it’s spinning reels inside your computer. At this point, animations will play, music will sound, and images will dance. This charade goes on for a couple of seconds before the results are officially announced. Assuming you hit a winning combo, this outcome will be announced, and your free slot game will feature animated figures grabbing your winnings and adding them to your account balance.
7. Repeat
Rinse and repeat this process as many times as you want. If at any point you decide that you want to play this game for real money, you can register an account with the same online casino and start having some fun for some cash.
Top-Ranked Oklahoma Casinos That Offer Fantastic PayoutsFree Web-Based Slots vs. Downloadable Software
There are two main ways to play free slots online. One path involves playing web-based slots through your internet browser, and the other route requires you to download casino software onto your computer before accessing the free games. Either method has its pros and cons, so it ultimately comes down to personal preference.
Web-based slot machines are accessible anytime you have an internet connection and wish to use a web browser like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Edge. Many people prefer this method because they don’t have to waste space on their hard drive, and the graphics supposedly pop more when you run the games through your browser.
Downloaded online slot machines require players to first install casino software on their desktop device. Once this happens, you can access all the features of the casino, including their library of free slot games. Some gamblers prefer this method because it offers slightly faster load times and permits you to play games for free or with real money without hopping online each time.
Benefits of Free Online Slots
What are the advantages of playing free casino slots? The most obvious benefit is that you never have to worry about losing money because you’re not betting any. Therefore, free online slots are a great way to entertain yourself without spending cash. Additionally, these practice sessions can teach you the ins and outs of slot machines without costing you a penny.
Here are some of the other benefits you can look forward to when playing free online slots:
- Learn How to Win – Every slot machine has a paytable that explains how to win. By studying this document, you can learn what it takes to win and trigger bonus features.
- Test Out Strategy – Some players believe they can control when big slot machine jackpots drop. If you believe in this hot drop syndrome strategy, then you can test it out with free slots.
- Practice New Games – Whether you’ve found a new casino or are trying out a different software developer, free slots are a good way to acclimate yourself to